View source for Indigenous Peoples of Canada, Greenland, Siberia, and the Russian Far East

''See also'' [[Native American History|1.2 Native American History]]
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" id="table"
!scope=col | '''Term''' 
!scope=col | '''Contextual note'''
!scope=col | Time/Region
!scope=col | '''References'''
|-
|'''Aboriginal/s''' 

|The  term “Aboriginal” (with a capital “A”) is most often used to refer to  Indigenous peoples in Australia <s>and Canada</s>.  In Canada, the term Indigenous (with a capital “I”) is preferred. Indigenous  communities in both Australia and Canada often prefer to emphasise other  markers of their identities, such as language, land, and/or clan. “First  Nations” is sometimes a preferred term. The term “aboriginal” may be used to  refer to flora/fauna that lived or existed in a place since the earliest  known time. '''*Reminder: capitalise  “Aboriginal” when referring to Indigenous peoples in Australia and Canada*'''
|Canada,  Australia
|Tropenmuseum  – Words Matter [https://issuu.com/tropenmuseum/docs/wordsmatter_english]

|-
|'''Aleut/s'''
|The  term “Aleut” has historically conflated the Indigenous inhabitants of the  Russian Aleutian Islands (from where they originate), and the Alaskan  Aleutian Islands, including Unalaska. The  Aleut speakers migrated to Alaska from the Russian side.


The  Aleutian Archipelago includes nine districts. Ethnic/linguistic identities  include the Alutiiq speakers, Central Yupiik speakers of Bristol Bay, and the  Unangam Tunuu speakers.


It  is only acceptable to use the term “Aleut” when referencing the indigenous  peoples of the Aleutian islands if their preferred identity is unknown.


It  is preferable to distinguish between:


1) Unangan (singular)/Unangax̂ (plural), the  Indigenous inhabitants of Unalaska who speak an Eastern dialect


2) Unangas/Aliguutas, the Indigenous inhabitants of  the Russian Aleutian Islands who speak a Western dialect (Unangam Tunuu)

|Aleutian  Islands, Alaska, USA, Russia, Siberia
|PCUSA  –  Terminology Crosswalk [https://digital.history.pcusa.org/sites/default/files/Terminology_crosswalk_public.pdf]

Alaska  Native Language Center – ‘Inuit or Eskimo’

Alaskool  –  ‘There is no such thing as an Aleut’ [http://www.alaskool.org/language/Aleut/No_Such1.html]

Alaska  Native Collections – Unangax̂
|-
|'''Canada native/s''' 

'''Indigenous Canadian/s''' 

'''Aboriginal Canadian/s'''
|The  Indigenous peoples within the boundaries of Canada include the First Nations,  Inuit, and Métis.

To  denote all the Indigenous peoples living in what is Canada, you can say  Canadian/First Nations and Inuit (sometimes adding Métis) 

'''*Reminder: As in the USA context,  capitalise Indigenous in the Canadian context.'''
|Canada
|Gyorgy  Toth – Terminology for North American Indian Issues

Wikipedia  – Indigenous peoples in Canada [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada]

Squamish History Archives [https://squamishlibrary.digitalcollections.ca/]

Blackfoot Digital Library [https://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.com/digital/collection/bdl]

Voices of Amiskwaciy [https://voicesoftheland.org/community/voices-amiskwaciy]

University of Manitoba Libraries –  Indigenous Peoples Digital Collections [https://libguides.lib.umanitoba.ca/c.php?g=514052&p=3511956]

University of Calgary – Native Canada

Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs – Online Resources [https://www.ubcic.bc.ca/online_resources]

Sq’éwlets - Digital [http://www.digitalsqewlets.ca/index-eng.php]

Simon Fraser University – Indigenous  Collections [https://digital.lib.sfu.ca/collection-categories/indigenous-collections]

Musqueam – Place Names Map

McGill Library – The Moravian Beginnings of Canadian  Inuit Literature

RRN  Community [https://www.rrncommunity.org/]

|-
|Chernozhopy

черножопый
|Russian  term that translates as “black arse”, used to denigrate Indigenous peoples  from the Caucus, i.e. Azeri Turks, Chechnyans, Circassians, Georgians,  Armenians, Dagestanies, etc.
|Russia,  Caucasia, Azerbaijan, Siberia
|Wikipedia  – List of ethnic slurs [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs]
|-
|'''Chug/s'''
|Derogatory  term referring to Indigenous peoples of Canada
|Canada
|Wikipedia  – List of ethnic slurs [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs]
|-
|'''Chuckche/s'''

'''Chukchee/s'''

'''Chuckchee/s'''

'''Chuckchi/s'''
|Speakers  of the Chukchi language and Indigenous peoples of the Chukchi Peninsula,  shores of the Chukchi Sea, and Bering Sea region of the Arctic Ocean within  the Russian Federation. “Chuckchi” appears to be the most widely preferred  spelling.
|Russia,  Russian Far East
|PCUSA  –  Terminology Crosswalk [https://digital.history.pcusa.org/sites/default/files/Terminology_crosswalk_public.pdf]
|-
|'''Eskimo/s'''

'''Eskimoe/s'''

'''Esquimo/s'''

'''Esquimau/x'''

'''Esquimawe'''

'''Esquimew'''

'''Esquimao/s'''

'''Esquimal''' 

|A  colonial term introduced by non-Indigenous people that has historically been  used to homogenise the vastly diverse northern Indigenous peoples of America.  The two main groups typically labelled as “Eskimo” are the Inuit (Alaska,  Canada, Greenland) and Yupik (Alaska, Eastern Siberia).

The  Iñupiat of northern Alaska self-identify as “Inuit”, not “Eskimo”, and it is  also considered a slur in Canada. The term “Eskimo” should only be used when  referring to the self-identified Eskimo people of southern Alaska if their  specific Iñupiat or Yup’ik identity is unknown.

|Alaska,  USA, Greenland, Canada
|PCUSA  –  Terminology Crosswalk [https://digital.history.pcusa.org/sites/default/files/Terminology_crosswalk_public.pdf]
|-
|'''First Nation/s'''
|A  term that refers to “American Indian nations” as well as individuals living  in the territory that is now Canada
|USA,  Canada
|Gyorgy  Toth – Terminology for North American Indian Issues
|-
|'''Greenlander/s'''

'''Greenland native/s'''

'''Native/s of Greenland'''
|The  Indigenous peoples of Greenland are Inuit and speak Greenlandic (Western  Greenlandic, Kalaallisut).
|Greenland
|IWGIA - Indigenous Peoples in Greenland

Sapiens  – Why Capitalise Indigenous? [https://www.sapiens.org/language/capitalize-indigenous/]

|-
|'''Hydah/s'''

'''Haida/s'''
|Indigenous  inhabitants of the Haida Gwaii archipelago (main islands: Graham Island,  Moresby Island), Canada. “Haida” appears to be the most widely preferred  spelling.
|Canada
|PCUSA  – Terminology Crosswalk [https://digital.history.pcusa.org/sites/default/files/Terminology_crosswalk_public.pdf]
|-
|'''Inuit'''

'''Inuk'''

'''Inupiat'''

'''Inupiaq''' 

|The  Inuk (singular)/ Inuit (plural) are Indigenous communities living across the  Arctic regions. They arrived in Canada in the 10th century, however, after  defeating the original Paleo-Eskimo people of Canada’s tundra region. Today,  they often identify as “Indigenous”.


Historically,  the term has been used to homogenise the Iñupiat of northern Alaska, the  Inuit of Canada, the Inuit of Greenland (50,000 of Greenland’s population of  56,000 are Inuit). Each of these groups includes various sub-ethnicities,  however.


In Canada, the   term “Inuit” is officially used by the Canadian government, and the  term “Canadian Inuit” can be used, although sub-identities like Inuvialuit  might be preferred.


In Greenland, the term “Greenlandic Inuit” is  acceptable but most of these people would more specifically claim the  Kalaallit sub-identity.


The preferred term for the “Inuit” in Alaska is  Iñupiat (singular)/ Iñupiaq (plural).


In Russia, some prefer the sub-identity Yupik (not  be confused with “Yup’ik” sub-group of Alaskan Eskimo)
|Canada,  Greenland, Alaska, USA, Russia, Siberia
|Inuit Circumpolar Council [https://web.archive.org/web/20100305060320/http:/inuitcircumpolar.com/index.php?auto_slide=&ID=374&Lang=En&Parent_ID=&current_slide_num=]

Alaska Native Language Center – ‘Inuit  or Eskimo’

Kadir  O.

IWGIA - Indigenous Peoples in Greenland

Alaskan Natives A-Z [https://www.alaskan-natives.com/2166/eskimo-inuit-inupiaq-terms-thing/]

Alaska Digital Archive  – Search: Inuit [https://vilda.alaska.edu/digital/search/searchterm/inuit]

Gyorgy  Toth – Terminology for North American Indian Issues


PCUSA  – Terminology Crosswalk [https://digital.history.pcusa.org/sites/default/files/Terminology_crosswalk_public.pdf]
|-
|'''Inuit (language)'''

'''Yupik (language)'''

'''Eskimo (language)'''

'''Inupiaq (language)'''

'''Eskimo-Aleut (language)'''
|The Indigenous peoples of the Americas  and Siberia speak numerous languages. Alaska, for example, is home to at  least 20 Native languages belonging to four distinct language families.  Indigenous languages include:

* Tlingit
* Eyak
* Athabascan  languages:
** Ahtna
** Tanaina
** Deg Hit’an
** Holikachuk
** Upper Kushokwim
** Koyukon
** Tanana
** Tanacross
** Upper Tanana
** Han
** Gwich’in
* Haida
* Tsimshian
* Inuktitut (  spoken by the Canadian Inuit, eastern region)
* Inuit sign  language (native to Nunavut)
* Sugcesten  (spoken by the Sugpiaq people of the Alaskan peninsula)
* Greenlandic or  Kalaallisut (Greenlandic Inuit)
* Danish (the  second major language in Greenland)
* Unangam Tunuu (language of the Unanga)

|USA,  Siberia, Greenland
|Alaska Native Language Center - Alaska Native Language  Relationships and Family Trees

IWGIA - Indigenous Peoples in Greenland

Inuit Circumpolar Council [https://web.archive.org/web/20100305060320/http:/inuitcircumpolar.com/index.php?auto_slide=&ID=374&Lang=En&Parent_ID=&current_slide_num=]

|-
|'''Kawish'''

'''Kaouiche'''
|Canadian  French pejorative term for Native North Americans
|Canada
|Wikipedia  – List of ethnic slurs [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs]
|-
|'''Lapp/s'''

'''Lapplander/s'''

'''Lap/s'''

'''Laplander/s'''

'''Lapland'''
|A  derogatory term that has historically been used by Europeans to refer to the  Indigenous Finno-Urgic '''Sámi''' (alternatively  spelt Sami/Saami) people of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula  in the region of Lapland (Sami: Sápmi; Finnish Lapi or Lappi; Swedish:  Lappland).
|Norway,  Sweden, Finland, Kola Peninsula, Russia, Siberia, Europe
|PCUSA  – Terminology Crosswalk [https://digital.history.pcusa.org/sites/default/files/Terminology_crosswalk_public.pdf]

Digital  Access to Sámi

Heritage  Archives project

The Saami Culture Archive of University  of Oulu [https://www.oulu.fi/en/university/faculties-and-units/faculty-humanities/giellagas-institute]

The National Archives of Norway – The Sami Archives  (Samisk arkiv) [https://www.arkivverket.no/om-oss/samisk-arkiv]
|-
|'''medicine man'''

'''medicine men'''
|Preferred  terms include: Medicine person/healer/spiritual leader’guide.
|
|Gyorgy  Toth – Terminology for North American Indian Issues

|-
|'''Métis'''

'''mestizo'''

'''mestiza'''

'''mixed ancestry'''

'''blended ancestry''' 

|In  the United States, an individual’s officially recognised status as a member  of a Native nation depends on whether that person is recognised by that  Native nation. Many nations do this based on ancestral lineage fractionation  called “blood quantum”. Below a certain blood quantum, some nations do not  allow an individual to be their “enrolled” member. Due to this, there is a  terminology for people who are not considered fully Native/indigenous.

“Métis”  – in Canada, descendants of First Nations and Europeans (primarily French).  They are considered a distinct collective entity, a people, with their own  collective status and rights.

“Mestizo/a” - in Latin America, descendants  of indigenous peoples and Europeans, or acculturated indigenous peoples. May  also refer to indigenous peoples who are urban and educated (e.g. Peru  indigenous mestizos)
|USA,  Canada, Latin America, South America, Peru
|Gyorgy  Toth – Terminology for North American Indian Issues
|-
|'''Micmac/s'''

'''Mic mac/s'''
|Misspelling of Mi’kmaq.

The Miꞌkmaq are a First Nations people  of the Northeastern Woodlands, indigenous to the areas now known as Canada's  Atlantic Provinces and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec as well as the  northeastern region of Maine. They call their national territory Miꞌkmaꞌki  (or Miꞌgmaꞌgi).
|Canada
|
|-
|'''the natives'''

'''native/s'''

'''indigenous'''
|Given  its historic usage, “native” is a term loaded with racist connotations. It is  a homogenising term that has been applied broadly to non-white populations in  various colonial contexts and has historically functioned as a legal category  for racial discrimination. This is especially obvious in the phrase  “the natives”, which should be avoided.  This is different from “Native people” or “Native Peoples”, which is  legitimate and appropriate usage. The term frequently appears in official  historic titles such as “Department for Native Affairs”, “Native Labor  Corps”, “Native Army”.

Native  American, American Indian, or First Nations (Canada - not to be confused with  the First Nations of Australia) are preferable to ‘native’. In Latin America  the term indígena is used.

The  words “native” and “indigenous” can objectively be used as adjectives to  describe a person, animal, or plant in relation to their/its place of  birth/origin.

The  term “Native” or “Indigenous peoples” is a general term that recognises their  collective entities, ethos, and rights, the latter of which have some legal  status in some countries, and globally.

'''*Reminder: pluralise “peoples” and  capitalise “Indigenous” in this context*'''


|
|Gyorgy  Toth – Terminology for North American Indian Issues
|-
|'''Native North American'''
|The  term “Native North American” refers to Indigenous peoples who live in the  territories now known as Canada, the United States, and Mexico, although it  does not appear to be popularly used.
|Canada,  USA, Mexico
|
|-
|'''Nitchie'''

'''Neche'''

'''Neechee'''

'''Neejee'''

'''Nichi'''

'''Nichiwa'''

'''Nidge'''

'''Nitchee'''

'''Nitchy'''
|Derogatory  term used towards Indigenous peoples in Canada.
|Canada
|
|-
|'''people/s'''
|For  the purpose of self-identification and legal status, the  plural Indigenous “peoples” is important. '''*Reminder: pluralise “peoples” and  capitalise “Indigenous” in this context*'''
|USA
|Gyorgy  Toth – Terminology for North American Indian Issues
|-
|'''Russian Far East'''
|To  be distinguished from Siberia. Referring  to the Pacific coast of Russia as Siberia is outdated.
|
|Kadir  O.
|-
|'''Siberia'''

'''Siberian/s'''
|There  are a considerable number of different ethnic/linguistic/national/religious  communities indigenous to the Siberian region. The term “Indigenous peoples  of Siberia” might be acceptable when a specific ethnic identity is unknown.


The  Siberian region must be distinguished from the Russian Far East.
|Siberia,  Russia
|PCUSA  – Terminology Crosswalk [https://digital.history.pcusa.org/sites/default/files/Terminology_crosswalk_public.pdf]

British  Library – Endangered Archives Project – Endangered images of ethnicity and religion in Western Siberia  in the late 19<sup>th</sup> to early 20<sup>th</sup> centuries [https://eap.bl.uk/project/EAP368]
|-
|'''Squaw'''

'''Esqua'''

'''Squa'''

'''Skwa''' 
|An  ethnic and sexual slur historically used to denigrate Indigenous women in  North America. Its connotations are that Native women are ‘drudges’, ‘slaving  away’ while their husbands do nothing.
|USA,  Canada, women’s history
|PCUSA  – Terminology Crosswalk [https://digital.history.pcusa.org/sites/default/files/Terminology_crosswalk_public.pdf]


Indian  Country Today – The Word Squaw: Offensive or Not? [https://ictnews.org/archive/the-word-squaw-offensive-or-not?redir=1]

Native  Way – Reclaiming “Squaw” Part 1 [https://native-way.blogspot.com/2004/11/reclaiming-squaw-part-1.html]

Gyorgy  Toth – Terminology for North American Indian Issues
|-
|'''warrior/s'''
|
|
|Gyorgy  Toth – Terminology for North American Indian Issues
|-
|'''Yupik'''

'''Yup’ik'''
|Mainland Yup’ik (pl. Yupiaq) people  prefer the spelling with an apostrophe after the p.

Yupik without the apostrophe refers to  the people of St. Lawrence Island and the nearby coast of Chukotka in Russia.

Alternative spellings:  Yupighyt/Yupihyt/Yupiik/Cup’ik/Cup’ig

|Alaska,  USA, Russia, Siberia
|


PCUSA  – Terminology Crosswalk [https://digital.history.pcusa.org/sites/default/files/Terminology_crosswalk_public.pdf]
|}